Children(1-7 years):one spoonful a day(5 ml)

(7-12 years):two spoonful a day(10ml)

Older Individuals: three spoonful a day(15ml)

The human body requires more calcium than any other mineral. The adult human body contains about 1000 to 1200 g of calcium. At least 99% of the calcium is found in the bones and teeth, giving them strength and rigidity. The remaining 1%, which is in the blood, muscles, and nerves, plays an important role in regulating physiological functions. Calcium is a white, malleable, metallic element. In the body it is found in various combinations such as calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, calcium fluoride, and calcium sulphate. Large quantities of fat, oxalic acid, and phytic acid in the food can prevent proper calcium absorption.

The absorption and retention of this mineral depends on its intake as well as other factors. Normally, approximately 20 to 40 percent of this mineral is absorbed from the intestinal tract into the bloodstream. The amounts absorbed, however, may be greatly increased during periods of rapid growth when mineral needs are high. Absorption of calcium also depends on the healthy condition of the stomach and intestines and adequate supply of vitamins B12, D, C and phosphorus. Calcium is essential for the proper development of bones and teeth. It is necessary for the normal action of the heart and all muscle activity. It aids the clotting process of the blood and stimulates enzymes in the digestive process.

Calcium is required for proper foetal growth, for normal health of the mother during pregnancy and lactation, and for the secretion of breast milk. It speeds all healing processes and controls the conduction mechanism in the nerve tissues so that messages travel fast enough for the functioning of the body. It is essential for proper ultisation of phosphorus and vitamins A, C and D. Calcium-deficient people look pale and listless, get tired, and become lazy. Deficiency of calcium causes changes in the bones and muscles. They are more sensitive to cold weather. They become nervous and suffer from mental derangements. Sweating around the head even during cold weather is the most obvious symptom of calcium deficiency in all ages. Deficiency of calcium may cause porous and fragile bones, tooth decay, heart palpitations, muscle cramps, insomnia, and irritability.

Children who are born to calcium-deficient mothers generally suffer from calcium deficiency. In such children calcium deficiency becomes more prominent if there is no supply of calcium, proteins, minerals, and vitamins in the form of whole milk, fresh fruits, and vegetables. These children fail to grow or develop healthy and strong bones. They lack appetite and if fed forcibly, may bring out all the food and milk. They suffer from late and detective teething, and are prone to having emaciated necks and enlarged heads. Deficiency of calcium lowers the body resistance and these children become an easy prey to respiratory and intestinal infections. Deficiency of calcium in young girls causes late puberty, irregular menstruation, excessive bleeding with crampy pain, anaemia, and lowered state of body resistance against infections. In case of an inadequate supply of calcium during pregnancy, the development of the foetus continues by drawing the reserve calcium from the bones, but the mother usually suffers from a difficult labour. Bleeding, lack of breast milk, poor concentration of the mind, a prolonged lying-in period - these are all comon due to calcium deficiency after childbirth.

All human tissues contain small quantities of magnesium. The adult human body contains about 25 g of this mineral, the greater part of which is present in bones in combination with phosphate and carbonate. Bone ashes contain less than one per cent magnesium. About one-fifth of the total magnesium in the body is present in the soft tissues inside the cells, where it is mainly bound to protein. The bones seem to provide a reserve supply of this mineral in case of a shortage elsewhere in the body. Magnesium is a light, silver-white, malleable, and ductile metallic element. It helps to keep one calm and cool during the sweltering summer months. Intake of diuretics and alcohol can render magnesium ineffective. Active absorption of this mineral occurs in the ileum of the small intestine.

Magnesium may compete with and decrease calcium absorption from the intestine. The parathyroid hormone, parathormone, which 'Controls serum calcium levels, has a similar effect on magnesium. Almost twice the amount of magnesium is stored in bones as compared with soft tissues. Bone magnesium is, however, not readily exchanged with the magnesium of soft tissues. Magnesium helps to keep the nerves relaxed. It is necessary for all muscular activity. It is an activator of most of the enzyme systems involved in the metabolism of carbohydrate, fat, and protein. It is necessary for the activation of alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme involved in calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Magnesium also helps in the utilisation of vitamins B and E. It functions with other minerals such as calcium, sodium, and potassium in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance. Adequate levels of magnesium are necessary for normal neuromuscular contractions.

This mineral is also involved in the production of lecithin. It prevents the building up of cholesterol and consequent artherosclerosis. Magnesium promotes a healthier cardiovascular system and thus helps prevent heart attacks. It aids in fighting depression. It helps to prevent calcium deposits in kidneys and gallstones. It also provides relief from indigestion. Magnesium deficiency is unlikely to arise in human beings due to an inadequate intake of foods containing it. Deficiency may, however, occur under the same metabolic condition that leads to a lack of potassium, namely, excessive loss due to chronic diarrhoea. Magnesium deficiency has been observed in patients with certain clinical conditions where magnesium intake or absorption has been decreased and magnesium excretion increased. These conditions include chronic alcoholism, diabetes, malabsorption syndrome, renal disease, disorders of the parathyroid gland, and post surgical stress.

Continuous deficiency of magnesium also causes a loss of calcium and potassium from the body with consequent deficiencies of these minerals. Deficiency can lead to kidney damage: and kidney stones, muscle cramps, atherosclerosis, heart attack, epileptic seizures, nervous irritability, marked depression and confusion, impaired protein metabolism, and premature wrinkles. Magnesium deficiency increases an individual's susceptibility to high blood pressure.

The human need for zinc is small, but its role in growth and well-being is enormous, starting even before birth. The entire body of a normal man weighing 70 kg may contain 1.4 to 2.3 g of zinc. Zinc is present in small amounts in all tissues. The bones, teeth, and the pancreas contain slightly higher amounts of zinc than other tissues. Whole blood contains about 0.7 mg/100 ml, while blood serum or plasma contains 0.1 mg/100 ml. Zinc is a bluish-white, metallic element. It is present in the body mostly in combination with other constituents of the body. About 20 to 30 per cent of the zinc in foods is absorbed by the body through the small intestine. This absorption is decreased by fibres, calcium, copper, phytate, and phosphate in pulses.

In contrast, amino acids and peptides increase zinc absorption. Nearly 99 per cent of the total zinc in the body is stored in cells and the remainder in the plasma and extracellular fluids. Excretion of zinc occurs principally through secretions of the pancreas and intestine. Zinc is needed for a healthy skin and hair, proper healing of wounds, successful pregnancies, and male virility. It plays a vital role in guarding against disease and infection. It is needed to transport vitamin A to the retina. Almost all the enzymes in the body require zinc for their functioning. It has long been known that growth and sexual maturity depend on zinc amongst other things. Zinc may accelerate the healing of chronic skin ulcers and wounds.

Patients with these problems have a low content of zinc in the plasma for many weeks despite corticosteroid therapy. Zinc seems to offer new promise of help for acne patients. It has shown draillatic results in some cases. Zinc has also been found beneficial in the treatment of eczema. Many people with this skin problem have tried and benefitted from zinc supplements. Administration of zinc has been found to be helpful in cases of prostate enlargement. About 30 mg of this mineral should be taken daily in the treatment of these disorders. Zinc deficiency in the diet has been reported to be the cause of anaemia, retardation in growth, and delayed genital maturation. White spots on the fingernails means dietary Zinc is not being absorbed. Taking a Zinc multivitamin will usually take care of it.

Vitamin D is commonly known as the 'Sunshine Vitamin'. The growth and maintenance of the normal bones largely depends on this. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is essential for maintaining normal calcium metabolism . Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) can be synthesized by humans in the skin upon exposure to ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation from sunlight, or it can be obtained from the diet. When exposure to UVB radiation is insufficient for the synthesis of adequate amounts of vitamin D3 in the skin, adequate intake of vitamin D from the diet is essential for health.

Vitamin D is the most essential vitamin for preventing rickets, which is a known deficiency disease affecting children, and is characterized by defective bone formation, disturbance of calcium utilization in the body, and resulting weakness. Vitamin D assists in the assimilation of calcium, phosphorus and other minerals in the digestive tract. Also it is necessary for the healthy functioning of the parathyroid glands, which regulates the calcium level in the blood. Vitamin D is very important during infancy and adolescence for the proper formation of teeth and bones.

Good supply of Vitamin D during pregnancy benefits the mother and helps to ensure the satisfactory future development of the child. Vitamin D deficiency May cause rickets, a disease affecting the whole body. Its most characteristic symptom is the failure of the bones to calcify properly. Vitamin D deficiency May lead to tooth decay, pyorrhoea, brittle or soft bones, retarded growth, and poor bone formation in children. Also it May cause muscular weakness, lack of vigour, deficient assimilation of minerals, and premature ageing.

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